Sunday, February 22, 2015

The F-35 and the Infamous Transonic Acceleration ‘Spec’ Change:

Part 2:  Top-Level Analysis of F-35 Transonic Performance

(Part 1 Here, Part 3 Here, Bonus Block 60 Comparison Here)

Analytical Approach

To make the next part of our exploration as widely accessible and understood as possible, our goal will be to continue to minimize the amount of math and physics to the greatest practical extent: keeping things as simple as we can without doing violence to the phenomena. Think of it as a ‘studies’ approach. 

Therefore, I will try to base analyses upon relative differences in ‘sum totals’ and relative percentages or fractions to some baseline. We can’t get away from a minimal discussion of the nature of acceleration versus drag, but we can illustrate the things about drag and acceleration that we need to grasp without crunching too many of the numbers. Which is a good thing, because without the need to know, we don’t have the actual F-35 numbers (ex: drag values) available to us in the public domain for plugging into any calculations anyway.

First we’ll summarize the relevant things we now know-- or think we know-- about the F-35’s Transonic Acceleration KPP and overall performance. We will focus on the F-35A model in examining the relevant physics of accelerating through the transonic region and how they affect all aircraft and in particular the F-35A. We’ll then follow with a discussion examining just one likely ‘workaround’ that the F-35A might operationally employ (if it is even needed), and discuss the ‘tactical’ impacts and whether or not what may obviate or mitigate whatever the ‘popularly-perceived’ operational challenges the F-35 variants endure passing through the transonic region.

What we know or think we know

Here is what we know or has been reported as stated by the F-35 Program Participants including the user communities that will help guide the discussion.  Note: We’re numbering the references for easing later analysis and possible discussion.

1. The 2012 DOT&E report mentioned the following about the F-35 acceleration from .8M to 1.2M:
A.) A Model: Extended the time for acceleration from 0.8 Mach to 1.2 Mach by 8 seconds
B) B-Model: Extended the time for acceleration from 0.8 Mach to 1.2 Mach by 16 seconds
C) C Model: Extended the time for acceleration from 0.8 Mach to 1.2 Mach by “at least” 43 seconds

2. A Lockheed Martin representative was quoted in Air Force Magazine (cached) as stating the F-35 can maintain Mach 1.2 for a dash of 150 miles without using afterburners. Adding: "Mach 1.2 is a good speed for you, according to the pilots,".

(3, 4,and 5 are all from the same source)

3. “Based on the original spec, all three of the airplanes are challenged by that [acceleration] spec,” said Tom Burbage, Lockheed’s program manager for the F-35. “The cross-sectional area of the airplane with the internal weapons bays is quite a bit bigger than the airplanes we’re replacing.”…

4.“We’re dealing with the laws of physics. You have an airplane that’s a certain size, you have a wing that’s a certain size, you have an engine that’s a certain size, and that basically determines your acceleration characteristics,” Burbage said. “I think the biggest question is: are the acceleration characteristics of the airplane operationally suitable?”…

5. …U.S. Air Force Lt. Col. Eric Smith, director of operations at the 58th Fighter Squadron at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., and F-35 test pilot, said that flying the aircraft is a thrilling experience.
“I can’t even explain the adrenaline rush you get when you light the afterburner on that thing,” Smith said. “The acceleration is much better than an F-16.”

6. The F-35′s acceleration is “very comparable” to a Block 50/52 F-16. “Again, if you cleaned off an F-16 and wanted to turn and maintain Gs and [turn] rates, then I think a clean F-16 would certainly outperform a loaded F-35,”Kloos says. “But if you compared them at combat loadings, the F-35 I think would probably outperform it.”   The F-16, Kloos says, is a very capable aircraft in a within visual range engagement–especially in the lightly loaded air-to-air configuration used during training sorties at home station. “It’s really good at performing in that kind of configuration,” Kloos says. “But that’s not a configuration that I’ve ever–I’ve been in a lot of different deployments–and those are the configurations I’ve never been in with weapons onboard.” – 

7. The weight purge of a few years ago was so “intensive,” Crowley said, that “there’s not thousands of pounds” of weight left to be saved on the F-35. However, even with a three percent annual weight growth, the key performance parameters, or KPPs, won’t be affected.
“All of our predictions for performance are based on an end-of-life, worst-case” scenario relative to the F135 engine’s power capacity, “so the true performance of the jet, throughout its life, will be much better.”

8. PARLIAMENTARY JOINT COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, DEFENCE AND TRADE 20 MARCH 2012 (Tom Burbage) Transcript
For any performance-related requirements, we artificially penalise [sic] the engine by five per cent fuel flow and two per cent thrust. Those margins are given back as we mature the design and get more and more solid on exactly what it is going to do. They are there for conservative estimation up front. We have not taken back any of those margins yet so, when those margins are taken back, the airplane will continue to be well in excess of its basic requirement.

Information from ‘other’ sources.

9. The baseline transonic acceleration specifications for the three variants prior to the spec change are believed to be:
A) A Model: The original “threshold” Key Performance Parameter (KPP) specification time for transonic acceleration (.8 to 1.2 Mach) was ≤ 55 seconds at 30Kft Altitude.
B) B Model: The original “threshold” Key Performance Parameter (KPP) specification time for transonic acceleration (.8 to 1.2 Mach) was ≤ 65 seconds at 30Kft Altitude.
C) C Model: The original “threshold” Key Performance Parameter (KPP) specification time for transonic acceleration (.8 to 1.2 Mach) was ≤ 65 seconds at 30Kft Altitude.

These times were asserted in an oft-referenced Air Command and Staff College paper authored in 2008 by a then-Lt Commander Geoffrey P. Bowman (USN). These numbers have been repeated in the popular aviation press (example) and Australian Air Force Air Vice Marshall Osley came close to ‘anecdotally’ confirming the F-35A KPP as asserted in the ‘Bowman Paper’ in testimony before an Australian Parliamentary Committee in 2013. The aircraft gross weights and fuel loads for the KPPs have not been revealed, though the Bowman Paper observes they are for internal-only weapons load configurations.

***********
APC Quotes added 20 Apr 15 (because the Australian Parliamentary Committee link seems to be a 'moveable' feast):
Dr JENSEN: Air Vice Marshal Osley, in a previous hearing you responded to APA's criticism of the F35's aerodynamic performance and you said that it is inconsistent with years of detailed analysis undertaken by Defence, the JSF program office, Lockheed Martin and eight other partner nations. Given that the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation has indicated that the JSF program office, the JPO, has asked JROC to reduce the sustained turn and the acceleration performance essentially to exactly the numbers that APA was predicting years ago, what does that say about the detailed analysis by Defence, the JSF program office, Lockheed Martin and the eight partner nations? 
Air Vice Marshal Osley: The points that the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation made there about the manoeuvrability, as you point out it was the sustained turn and the transonic acceleration. He pointed out that the targets that have been set for those parameters were not going to be met by the F35. The figure of I think it was 55 seconds for transonic acceleration, the F35 was going to take 63.9 seconds to do that. That is obviously at a certain altitude, I think it was 30,000 feet, and a range of mach 0.8 up to mach 1.2.
The point to make about those is that that acceleration by the F35 is in a combat configuration. If you look at the legacy aircraft and we talk about comparable performance, a legacy aeroplane would require weapons and, obviously, external fuel tanks to be in combat configuration.
**********
10. …This next reference is included because I believe the article that it is from was at the root of the comment that provided me with the impetus for these posts. It also hints at a way forward within 
An interesting factoid, one of the USMC test pilots mentioned this little tidbit—they have to use a modified Rutowski profile in order to get the F-35B and C up to Mach 1.6. Basically, you do one push over, unload the jet and accelerate, get up to 1.2, turn and repeat until you hit 1.4 Mach, turn and repeat till you hit Mach 1.6. It just barely gets there and barely has any gas left over afterwards. The kinematics are basically F/A-18C-like, though that was apparently exactly what was expected….

FYI and FWIW, here’s one of the more decent explanations of a “Rutowski maneuver” that I’ve found online: 
If the final speed is near the aircraft’s maximum speed, the large speed increase necessary renders the conventional method of using the peaks of the Ps curves useless. However, the energy method works well. Note in this example the optimum climb path includes an acceleration in a dive. This optimum energy climb path is also known as the Rutowski climb path, after its developer. The path (Figure 7.14) [at the link] consists of four segments to reach energy state E in minimum time. Segment AB represents a constant altitude acceleration from V = 0 to climb speed at state B. The subsonic climb segment follows a path similar to the one illustrated to the tropopause at state C. This subsonic climb is usually a nearly constant Mach number schedule. An ideal pushover or dive is carried out at constant Eh from C to D. The acceleration in the dive is actually part of the optimum climb path.
 (It's better at the source with the graphic)

11. There’s a Block 50/52 (F110-GE-129 or F100-PW-229 powered) Dash-1 supplement (Hellenic Air Force) out on the web that provides significant insight as to the F-16 performance baseline used to set the original F-35 transonic KPP.  

Deduced Transonic Acceleration KPP Times Analysis of the Variants

The most important performance ‘data’ in our hands are the believed-to-be-actual acceleration times
From References #1 and #9 above, we find evidence that the F-35 variants are currently expected to perform the transonic dash from .8 to 1.2 Mach in the following times:

Model Original KPP Time (secs) Exceeded by (secs) New KPP Time (secs)
F-35A   55                                                  8 63
F-35B 65                                                 16 81
F-35C 65                                                 43 (minimum) 118

Why the differences, and why by ‘that’ much?

IMHO these differences would make an excellent case study for an introductory course on aircraft design if only to just illustrate how much even small differences in design can affect aspects of performance in large ways. I can’t think of any other case where there are three ‘operational’ combat designs that are so close to each other but still different enough to tease out likely drivers of performance differences. (I am excluding aircraft that have had all sorts of various bulges and blisters scabbed on post-manufacture). The first question that springs from observing these differences is how much of the variation is due to variation in aerodynamic shape, propulsion efficiency, and weight?  

To help us investigate, we now need to take a look at the possible relevant differences. Those would be the differences between aerodynamic shapes, the engine installations, and relative weights: elements affecting the drag equation (Figure 3 from Part 1) which we now modify to remind us that the drag coefficient is but one element in the drag equation:
Figure 8 (Numbering Continued From Part 1
   
As the range of airspeed from .8 Mach to Mach 1.1 is the same, and the same air density (same altitude) are common to all variants, this reduces the number of variables on the drag side of the thrust-drag equation to two: the Drag Coefficient and the Cross-Sectional area. On the thrust-side of the equation, we will have less to work with but not so much less as to prevent us from making several observations and ‘educated’ estimations. Since this little exercise is about ‘understanding’ and not ‘quantifying’, I am comfortable working within these limitations.        

Relative Weights

We’ll model some likely weights (based upon the ‘Bowman Paper’ and acknowledged fuel and weapons carriage plans). Why ‘weight’? Because it is an excellent proxy for examining relative lift differences between the variants which “weight”, in level flight, must equal “lift”—the major constituent driver of ‘drag’.
If we take the empty weights, add half-internal fuel weight and the basic ‘day-one’ combat weapons load weight (with a wedge ‘rounding-up’ to account for the weight of weapon interfaces of each of the three variants), we arrive at a ‘likely’ set of aircraft weights for the Transonic Acceleration KPP:

            Empty Wt     50% Fuel Wt Weapons Load (2 JDAMS, 2 AIM-120s)     Total
F-35A 29300 9240 5000                                       43540
F-35B 32300 6750 3000                                       42050
F-35C 34800 9875 5000                                       49675

These configurations, whether exactly those used for the Transonic Acceleration KPP or not, are at least representative of the aircraft weights before release of air-to-ground stores and at the mid-mission point. They are therefore ‘realistic’ for use as a baseline for our explorations. They also cannot be too far off relative to each other to make too much of a difference in our search for understanding, as the only variable is fuel weight and the lower F-35B model JDAM carriage capability.
Using the F-35A Model weight as the basis, we find that over a range of mid-mission fuel loads, the F-35C weight, and therefore lift needed to be generated in level flight to be around 13-14% higher than the F-35A. 
Figure 9. Relative f-35 Variant Weights
We also see that largely due to a smaller total fuel load and lower weapons payload, the F-35B needs to generate approximately 3-4.5% less lift to maintain level flight. (This also again illustrates a point made in the Sustained G discussion about the lighter an aircraft, the more sensitive its performance is to weight changes.)

We can therefore conclude that the wing wave drag coefficient  percentage contribution to the total drag coefficient that is due to lift for the F-35B is less than the F-35A (under the same flight conditions in the speed region we are looking at of course), and that the F-35C’s wing wave drag coefficient contribution due to lift is significantly higher than for the F-35A. Further, we can conclude there is little, if any, difference between the wing wave drag contribution due to volume for the F-35A and B because the F-35A and F-35B wings are identical in area: they have the same fixed length (chord), and span. We  also know the area of the A and B wings are identical and their cross-sectional volumes very nearly so (more on this in the next section).  

We can also conclude that there is a large difference between the F-35A and F-35C in wave drag contribution as a percentage of the total drag due to both lift and volume. This is because the F-35C has a much bigger wing and control surfaces (more on this too in the next section). The overall coefficient of drag for the F-35C might theoretically be smaller than the A or B at some points along the curve, but that would have to come from reduction in the total drag via other means. For all we know, the total volume distribution of the F-35C comes closer to an ideal Sears-Haack distribution than the other two variants. We cannot definitively rule this out without more data, but given the differences between the F-35A and C in transonic acceleration, I believe we can assume with some relative confidence the F-35C has an overall drag coefficient much, much, higher than the A model, and even if the F-35C drag non-wing coefficient was lower than the A model, it certainly does not overcome the F-35C’s larger cross-sectional area. If the differences in drag coefficient due to wing lift were the only effective differences between F-35 models, we would expect the F-35B to have better transonic acceleration more on a par with the F-35A due to it weighing less when loaded, and we would expect the F-35C to be much slower in accelerating in level flight than either the A or B model. Since the A model has the best transonic acceleration, we should assume there is some other factor (or factors) affecting the F-35B performance beyond wing wave drag. Also, while it appears the C is the worst performer in transonic acceleration, it is almost certainly NOT due solely to wing wave drag contribution to total drag coefficient. This leads us to the next discussion, Aerodynamic shaping.

Aerodynamic Shaping 

Even this kind of comparison without hard data would be impossible if we were comparing completely different aircraft, or if we were seeking to quantify the differences instead of just understanding them. The good news is our limitations will make this section mercifully short.  

Cross-sectional area comparison 

First, we find that the cross-sectional differences between the F-35A and C are different in nature and scale than the differences between the F-35A and F-35B.
  
Figure 10. Cross-sectional Are Differences

The differences between the F-35A and B are more in the 'non-direct' lift regions of the cross-sectional area and are obviously due to the B model lift fan installation (#7). The wing profile is slightly increased at the lower wing root (#6) due at least in part to the STOVL roll-control system installation. 
The shape differences between the F-35A and F-35C are far greater. First, wing (#3) and horizontal stabilizer (#2) extensions as well as the taller vertical stabilizers (#1) add significant cross sectional area to the C model. Further, it appears the C model wing cross-section is indeed thicker (#5) than the F-35A’s to support the greater wingspan, but this could be an illusion from a longer curved under-surface and/or wing twist (either way, this presents an increased cross-section perpendicular to the airstream versus the A or B model). The F-35C wings also present an effectively increased cross-section to the airstream at the wing-folds (#4).  The F-35A and C do have a slightly increased cross-section versus the B model in the area of the tail hook enclosure (#8) but unlike the other cross-sectional areas, it is unclear how much of this is area that is presented perpendicular to the airstream in level flight.  Not known is if there are unseen relative differences in inlet design that affect not only installed thrust but also effective cross-sectional area, bur I believe we've captured the dominant difference drivers.

The Impact of Lift Surface Area on Wave Drag 

As already noted, Wave Drag due to ‘volume’ as a contributor is characterized in terms of a cross-sectional area for some fixed length. The F-35C is overall slightly longer than the F-35A and B, but its lift surfaces also have a significantly longer “fixed length” than the near identical F-35A and B surfaces. The F-35C’s wing and tail surface wave drag contribution due to ‘volume’ is therefore significantly greater than that for the F-35A and B. As a result we would expect the total drag of the F-35C in level flight to be much greater than the F-35A or F-35B due to having both a higher wing wave drag coefficient and greater cross-sectional area. 
     
Figure 11. Extended Vertical surfaces on C model not shown

Engine Installations

Whereas the first two topics of weight and aerodynamic shape dealt with the drag side of the acceleration equation, the engine installation aspect is relevant more on the thrust side of the equation. This is actually a pretty simple thing to compare on the F-35, as all three engines are essentially the same, with the major differences (performance wise) being between the F-35A/C engines and installations being highly common and the F-35B engine installation being very different from the other two. The physical differences of the F-35B installation-- the integrated lift-fan at the front of the system, the articulated exhaust duct with a different afterburner and nozzle installation at the other end, as well as a roll control nozzle system tapping flow off of the core engine in the middle cannot ‘help’ the conventional-mode of operations. Any significant performance differences between the F-35A and C engines would have to be due to any installation differences that are not apparent/acknowledged. 
For all practical purposes, we should then expect the F-35A and F-35C engines to have “the same” installed thrust and efficiencies. On the other hand, with the F-35B we would expect installed thrust penalties due to the added mass of the lift fan drive shaft and open roll-control ducting, the shaft passing through the bifurcated air inlets where they meet, as well as the different exhaust nozzle. We don’t know for certain, but it makes sense to believe the F-35B engine installation may be somewhat less efficient than the A or the C model in the conventional operation mode.

A Summary of Thrust vs. Drag

To summarize the relative differences between the variants that would affect transonic acceleration in a table:

Figure 12.  Factor Differences  between variants, F-35A Baseline 
In these same factors and relationships we find the seeds of understanding the operational implications of the F-35’s performance relative to each other in regards to the Transonic Acceleration KPPs. 

Transonic Acceleration: What is it good for?

The first thing to understand about the transonic acceleration KPPs is that they are proxies for the reasons WHY a fighter aircraft would want to accelerate quickly through the transonic region in the first place. The (obvious) answer is to gain a position advantage against an enemy in the air or on the ground by reaching that position to achieve an advantage before an enemy can position themselves to counter it. In the Air-to-Ground scenario this might mean simply getting to a high speed sooner to reach a time-critical target before it disappears or for some similar reason. We will ignore the air to ground aspect in thinking about the F-35s transonic acceleration KPPs and assume that because they are set at a 0K ft altitude, there wasn't a lot of Air-to-Mud consideration behind them. In the Air-to-Air combat it is about either closing some distance to gain a superior position on an opponent or opening some distance to gain position or keep the opponent from gaining a position on you. So the key thing to remember, and I hope the reader finds this an irritatingly obvious point, is that an acceleration KPP is about the ability to cover some distance over a set time when starting at a relatively lower speed. A transonic acceleration KPP is about being able to cover some distance as quickly as possible while moving ever faster through the particularly challenging transonic speed region.  This seems to beg the question: how significant it is really that the F-35A is projected to exceed its KPP by 8 seconds? (Note: We’ll get to the B and C KPPs in passing as we proceed.)         

F-35A Transonic Acceleration Performance

It has been determined by the F-35A program’s analyses that the original Transonic Acceleration KPP for the modeled F-35A will be exceeded by 8 seconds, taking 63 instead of 55 seconds. But considering we have multiple sources (#5, #6 above) citing excellent acceleration characteristics compared to an F-16 that imply superior initial acceleration, and the analyses are based upon degraded engine performance (#7, #8 above) how likely is it that the 8 second difference is even operationally relevant? Take a look at a second hand on your watch or clock. Watch it for 8 seconds.  If you were going M1.2 at the end of eight seconds, how fast were you going at the start of the eight seconds? M1.19? M1.18? 
Just from the drag equation and the drag coefficient charts we know that acceleration will be much greater at the start of the acceleration run than at the end. Is it possible the F-35A exceeds the initial predicted acceleration but just barely misses the full expectation?  Answers to these questions could have bearing as to whether or not extending the KPP by 8 seconds was even operationally relevant.  As it stands, it should still be viewed as superior to a Block 50/52 F-16. As we will see, Kloos (Ref #6) understates the F-35A’s abilities compared to the Block 50/52, at least at the 30K ft KPP altitude (Ref #10). 

How the F-35A new KPP standard stacks up against the F-16 Block 50/2 

If we examine the F-16’s ‘Combat Max AB’ transonic acceleration data (Ref #11, Table A8-12), and compare it to the F-35A’s newest transonic KPP time (63 seconds) we find the F-35A loaded with two AMRAAMs and two 2KLb JDAMs has better acceleration than the F-16C/D in 20 of the 30 possible weight/drag index combinations shown in the tables (weights from 20K lbs to 41K lbs, and Drag Indexes from 0 to 250).

Figure 13. F-35A KPP Superior to most F-16C Weight/Drag Combinations

Figure 14: External Stores start adding drag quickly
The F-35A KPP is on par with the F-16 in one of the possible F-16C load-outs. At least three of the remaining nine F-16 load-out combinations I would characterize as ‘highly impractical/improbable’ (for those you can have a few hundred pounds of usable fuel, or you can have two AMRAAMs but you cannot have both).






This is about as much as a Block 50/52 F-16C can weigh/carry without increasing the drag count:

Figure 15. Max 'Clean' Block 50/52 weight.( Source Ref 11)
Figure 16: Empty Fuel Tanks and Store Stations Still Add Drag 
Three more F-16 combinations involve simply carrying two more 600 gallon fuel tanks with various degrees of ‘fullness’ along with just two AMRAAMs and no other weapons other than the ever present 20mm cannon.

On the other hand, for 6 of the 20 load-outs where the F-35 KPP performance meets or beats the F-16C, the F-16 can’t even GET to Mach 1.2 (for three combinations the F-16 performance is ONLY subsonic).

In short, even if the F-16 is running on fuel fumes carrying wingtip AMRAAMs and
LANTIRN pods, it can only carry just a little more internal fuel before the F-35A's latest transonic acceleration KPP standard can be said to be ‘better’ than an F-16C Blk50/52 in transonic acceleration.

Figure 17: F-35A KPP performance vs. F-16 w/ DI=100
  
Figure 18: Only 2 AIM-9s greater load than F-35 Internal Load Out. It'll need those AIM-9s long before te F-35 will. 


Even the F-35B and F-35C transonic KPP times meet or beat a similarly-loaded but much lighter weight Block 50/52 F-16s:

Figure 19: With comparable war loads: F-35A and F-35 B beats all & F-35C beats most F-16 configurations.   

 The ‘meaning’ we can derive from the revised F-35A transonic dash KPP is this: It still represents the stated ‘F-16 Like’ performance goals and overall, it exceeds them. Other than that, everything else is guesswork. 

BUT!  The ubiquitous 'some' might ask.... 


‘What If’ Operational needs require the F-35A/B/C to get rid of all or part of those extra darned seconds enroute to Mach 1.2?  

THAT topic we will address in closing the series in Part 3.

17 comments:

Marauder said...

Great analysis as usual. It's interesting to note that the A/B wing is even more of a hybrid straight/swept wing than the C because of the glove whose sweep angle is much greater than that of the wing itself.

SMSgt Mac said...

Actually, I think the real difference in wing design aerodynamics that is a big unknown is what does the C model trailing edge's close proximity to the horizontals do to the drag curve? We're seeing this kind of planform more and more (PAK-FA comes to mind). reduced profile drag from the horizontals is one thing I would expect, but there's got to be more to it. Once upon a time designers positioned the horizontals to interact with wing flow as little as possible, now it looks like they leverage the interaction. I need to get some more modern aero books.

Unknown said...

Informative article but IMO the proper comparison would be to an F-16 Block 60 rather than legacy aircraft whose aerodynamics have suffered due to additional external loads imposed by iterative upgrades and range requirements non-optimal to its original design. An apples to apples comparison would be to an F-16 Block 60 with fully fueled CFT's and 4 AMRAAMS on hard points. Equivalent range and combat load out. Drag index less than or equal to 50. Total weight around 36,000 lbs. Thrust of 32,500 lbs with the new GE engine on afterburner. You'll be looking at moderately higher transonic acceleration than the A model. Faster sustained turns given you're not lugging around all that external hardware. And overall superior raw speed and aerodynamic performance excepting low speed maneuver and AOA. So with the most modern variant of the F-16, I would not characterize the F-35 A's performance as "F-16 like." But rather F/A-18 Super Hornet like." For which it seems almost identical aerodynamically.

SMSgt Mac said...

Hi Tim,
The "F-16-like" spec was set before there was such a thing as the UAE-only Block 60s, but it shouldn't be too hard to maybe do some parametric explorations after I finish Part 3 and I think it would be an interesting sidebar.
I think also that as the F-35 KPP accel. time is VERY close to a 36K pound F-16 Block 50 with a Drag Index of 50, it should also be very close to a 32K pound Block 50 with a DI=50. If the F-35A is carrying two more AMRAAMs instead of GBUs. This would place it very close to where I think the Block 60 would be in an A2A configuration similar to what you describe.
I think you overestimate the benefit of the Block 60's increased thrust in the transonic region, as it is primarily needed for keeping the Block 60's increased weight from dogging it down. The thrust is a linear improvement over the Block 50 that decreases linearly with airspeed, but on the other side of the equation, the wave drag from the increased weight/lift needed increases much faster through M.9-1.1 (as shown in the charts)
I'll take time to look at the problem after I wrap up the series.

Unknown said...

SMSgt Mac,

Well, I had suggested that the transonic acceleration performance would be only moderately superior in the F-16 Block 60 working off the figures in your chart. If an F-16 with a 29,500 lb thrust engine at a drag index of 50 and weight of 36,000 lbs would be at parity with an F-35A, then it would stand to reason that an F-16 with a drag index of 50 and weight of 36,000 lbs but with a thrust of 32,500 lbs would be above parity. If only moderately so due to the issues you highlighted. But where I think you will see significant differences will be in sustained turn, rate of climb, and raw speed. With the Block 60 there are no extra pylons dragging you down from dropped fuel tanks or targeting pods. An F-16 Block 60 in an air to air configuration with 4 AMRAAMS should be able to significantly out-turn an out-climb an identically configured F-35 at essentially identical combat radiuses. And I think the comparison to the more modern model is apt as when F-16's were designed they were not intended to perform at long ranges or with add-on pods. They were designed for raw aerodynamic performance. Taking an aerodynamically degraded legacy F-16 as a point of comparison for an exceedingly modern new jet seems inappropriate. The Block 60 F-16's illustrate what is acheivable with this airframe when those additional capabilities for avionics, targeting, and extra fuel for long range engagements are built in from the start rather than tacked on afterwards as performance degrading afterthoughts.

Eskodas said...

Fantastic stuff, for the F-35B engines number's here is a source.

http://www.pw.utc.com/Content/F135_Engine/pdf/B-2-4_F135_SpecsChart.pdf

2k(5%) less Max and 1k(4%) less Mil thrust.

Marauder said...

" The Block 60 F-16's illustrate what is acheivable with this airframe when those additional capabilities for avionics, targeting, and extra fuel for long range engagements are built in from the start rather than tacked on afterwards as performance degrading afterthoughts."

Strange reasoning given that the CFTs are the ultimate tacked-on, performance degrading (especially in the transonic and supersonic regimes) afterthoughts.

Unknown said...
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SMSgt Mac said...

Hi Marauder. Actually, the CFTs make a lot more sense than drop tanks. F-16 CFT Drag is alleged to be "12%" of the center-line tank installation with 50% more fuel. Given the center-line tank has the drag of the tank and the pylon, that means the CFTs have a drag count of '4' per set: the next best thing to putting the gas inside the main fuselage like an F-35 ;-). CFTs aren't (by themselves) g-limiting like the drop tanks either. The problem with putting anything on the basic F-16 is that it affects the total weight by a greater % than a baseline heavier aircraft. I think I showed pretty well how the F-16 was much more sensitive to weight than the F-35 in the Sustained G posts, and so the real acceleration hit (and maneuverability hit at 30K feet loading up that itty-bitty wing) with CFTs on the F-16 come from their empty weight (900 lbs) and whatever fuel you put in them.

Unknown said...

I wanted to update some figures off my last post. My back of a napkin calculations were a little rough so I rounded high to give the F-35 the benefit of the doubt next to the F-16. I ran more precise calculations and you're looking at a combat weight of 34,500 lbs for an F-16 blk 60 loaded with 7,000 lbs internal fuel and 3,000 lbs in its CFT's, along with (4) AMRAAM's, (2) wingtip rails, & (2) underwing pylon assemblies. This gives you a thrust to weight ratio of .94 fully fueled and armed. Also, the drag off the wingtip rails is less and while I don't have exact figures for the transonic drag of the CFT's I likely estimated high when I gave a total drag index of 50. It is likely substantially less. So I would imagine that, apples to apples, an F-16 block 60 configured for air-to-air combat will outperform an identically configured F-35A. Like I said, I think realistically the proper comparison should be made to the F/A-18 Super Hornet.

Unknown said...

Continuing from the analysis above, I'd like to see what would have to happen with the F-35 to arrive as close possible to parity with the F-16 blk 60. So let's say that the F-35 gets upgrades to both its internal payload of AMRAAM's (up from 4 to 6) and its engine (10% greater thrust via adaptive engine technology), then you'll have a thrust to weight ratio, fully fueled and armed, of .92 (47,300 lbs thrust, 51,400 lbs loaded weight). A similarly configured F-16 blk 60 will have a weight just slightly north of 35,500 lbs and thrust of 32,500 lbs for a thrust to weight ratio of .91. Drag index around 50-55 (the earlier 4 missile configuration being perhaps around 30). In this case you should be around parity for transonic accelleration and maneuver. So you could perhaps get there. But we're not there yet.

NukeFromOrbit said...
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NukeFromOrbit said...

It seems odd that the actual figures would differ so largely from whatever the original estimates were.

Anyway, is there enough public data on the F/A-18 available to compare it to the F-35 in terms of acceleration? Overall the F-35's performance seems to align more with the F/A-18 than F-16.

Also are we sure the previous figures for acceleration were based off that Bowman document?
The Bowman paper looks to primarily be an individual officer's review and opinions of the program versus official specs. Unfortunately that link to that Australian Parliament session doesn't work for me and I can't read in what manner the paper was referenced.

Marauder said...

@Mac,

My understanding of the F-16's CFTs is that at transonic speeds they induce pitching moments which in results in increased trim drag. There's also a degradation in lateral directional stability. Again, all at the transonic.

Unknown said...

Maurader,

It's my understanding that, yes, the F-16's CFT's have transonic drag. I think their drag at cruise is essentially zero. But the transonic drag is maybe max 4 per as SMSgt Mac noted. That seems perhaps a little high given a centerline and plus pylon would have a drag of 13. But that would be a reasonable upper bound.

SMSgt Mac said...

Guys,
I used the HAF F-16 manual and this article:
http://defense-update.com/products/c/F-16-CFT.htm
for the drag estimation of centerline fuel tank. Drag of a 370 gal centerline tank w/no adjacent stores:DI=27. Pylon DI= 7. (12% of total ~4) A 300 gal drop tank on centerline DI =15 (12% of that total would be ~2) both very low. The real drag adder is the external non-wingtip AMRAAMs and launchers (x2) =20. I estimated a DI uppers on the Block 60 to be the same as the Block 50, which would be DI upper = 22 or 24 depending upon tank used as basis. The article mentions specifically the CFT set as "12%" of 300 gallon tank, but that is a general statement that may be the average drag reduction for the 300 in the subsonic region. I'm using 4 as the estimated DI for the CFTs for the transonic region, but even if it is 2, The difference between DI totals of 22 and 24 won't be seen in any guesstimate we can do. And in any case I doubt it will make as much difference as accounting for all the weights involved. I see weight as more important (back to lift and wave drag dominance). Example: the empty weight of the CFTs (900 lbs) being more than the pylon/empty 300 lb tank weight of 569 lbs).

Unknown said...

SMSgt Mac,

Did you find any fault then with my weight estimate of 34,500 lbs for a fully fueled and armed (4 AMRAAM's) F-16 block 60 with 32,500 lbs thrust?